For example, a 5nm transistor, although small enough, is still a three-dimensional material, and its gate has tens to hundreds of silicon atoms in length, width and height. Most of the things we use today are made up of three-dimensional materials, which are three-dimensional structures made of piles of atoms stacked together. The concept of "two-dimensional material" corresponds to the traditional "three-dimensional material". This brings us to the second definition: "two-dimensional materials". Well, in this paper published by Tsinghua University, the gate length is incredible 0.34 nm. At present, the more common 7nm and 5nm technology on the market have gate lengths of the order of 10nm. For example, the 2nm technology released by IBM in 2021, the actual gate length is almost 12nm. However, after 2010, the nm technology claimed by most semiconductor foundries no longer strictly corresponds to the actual gate length, but is only a customary statement in the industry. The 5nm and 3nm technology in the industry refer to the gate length. The smaller the gate length, the smaller the transistor can become, so gate length becomes the most important measure of transistor size. It’s the most critical part responsible for controlling the switching of the entire structure. Hearing this, you may be unfamiliar with two definitions, one is "gate" and the other is "two-dimensional material". Using two-dimensional materials, the researchers fabricated transistors with the smallest gate length to date - just 0.34 nm - on a silicon wafer. Regarding this issue, Tsinghua University published the latest results in the Nature on March 10th. However, Another question following: How to process transistors under 1nm? The new M1 chip released by Apple this time is expected to use TSMC's 5nm technology. We know that the most important development trend in the chip field is to process more and more transistor switches per unit area of silicon wafer - in other words, the need for transistors to become smaller and smaller. This also makes it the personal computing chip with the largest number of transistors in the world so far. This is mainly atributed to the record number of transistors on this chip, at a staggering 114 billion, seven times as many as the previous generation.
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